Cephas Mavhondo & Taurai Mrewa
Table of Contents
1. Fixed Term Contracts……………………………………………………………………………………….. 2
2. Collective Labour Law…………………………………………………………………………………….. 6
3. Collective Job Action………………………………………………………………………………………… 8
4. Codes of Conduct……………………………………………………………………………………………… 9
5. Designated Agents of Employment Councils………………………………………………. 12
6. Powers of Labour Officers…………………………….……………………………………………….. 14
7. Retrenchment………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 17
8. Sexual Harassment and Violence………………………………………………………………….. 22
9. Labour Brokerage Arrangements…………………………….……………………………………. 26
10. Other Important Provisions…………………………………………………………………………. 28
11. The Bottom Line……………………………………………………………………………………………. 28
12. About the Authors………………………………………………………………………………………… 29
13. Important Notes…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 29
Executive Summary
Various amendments to the Labour Act (Chapter 28:01) hereinafter called “the Act”, are being crafted and the relevant Bill was approved by the Cabinet.[2] We took the opportunity to go through the Bill and we saw interesting aspects of this proposed law. In this commentary, we will concentrate on aspects that we consider more controversial such as the changes that are going to affect fixedterm contracts, collective bargaining, powers of designated agents and labour officers, and retrenchment. These are aspects that affect the employer and the employee on a day-to-day basis. Besides outlining what the Bill is providing, in certain circumstances, we took the opportunity to respectfully highlight the strengths that are going to come with the Bill. We have also respectfully outlined what we consider to be the shortcomings in the Bill. We trust you will enjoy reading this commentary.
1. Fixed Term Contracts
Introduction
A fixed-term contract of employment is a contract that has a start date and an end date. There was not much regulation to this type of contract. The major restriction has been that an employer cannot terminate a fixed-term contract and replace the employee. This would then constitute an unfair dismissal. Our perusal of the proposed Bill shows greater regulation for this type of contract. We believe the legislature wishes to deal with complaints of employees being put on perpetual fixed-term contracts. It also wants to restrict the termination of fixed-term contracts. This section looks at the provisions in the Bill and examines the consequences that will come with this amendment as far as fixed term contracts are concerned.
The proposed amendment
The current Bill seeks to amend section 12 of the Act in respect to fixed terms contracts in the following manner;
“Section 12 (“Duration, particulars and termination of employment contract”) is amended—
- ………………..
- by the repeal of subsections (4a) and (4b) and the substitution of the following—
“(4a) A contract of employment may be terminated only, on the part of an employee, by his or her resignation or retirement, and in the following cases on the part of an employer—
- ……………………… or
- ……………………………………………………………
- in the case of a fixed term contract, upon the expiry of the period of the contract without the need to give notice under subsection (4):
Provided that—
(i) notwithstanding anything in such contract to contrary no fixed term contract shall be for less than twelve months except—
- in the case of employment that by its nature is casual or seasonal employment; or
- the contract is for the performance of some specific service which may be completed before that time;
- any fixed term contract that purports to be for a period off less than twelve months shall be deemed to be a contract for an indefinite period.
- if the majority of employees engaged by the same employer are on fixed term contracts, and at any time when an employee’s employment is terminated on the expiry of his or her fixed term contract, then the provisions of sections 12C and 12D shall apply to such termination as if it was retrenchment.
(d)……………………………………………………………………………………
- ………………………………………………………………………………..….
- for the breach of an express or implied term of contract, upon such breach being verified after due inquiry under an applicable employment code or in any other manner agreed in advance by the employer and employee concerned.”
The period of a fixed-term contract
The Bill provides that no fixed term contract shall be for less than twelve months. What this essentially means is that employers who had employees in contracts of less than twelve months will have to make the necessary changes on the expiry of the current contracts but before the Bill becomes an Act of parliament. The provision is not cast in stone as it unequivocally accepts that fixed-term contracts of less than 12 months are permissible in setups where the work is of a casual or seasonal nature as well as in situations where the work is of a specific service e.g. the agricultural sector. It follows that an employer who alleges that the work is seasonal or is for the performance of a specific service shall have the burden of proving the same.
The Deeming Provision
In addition to the restriction that’s coming with the period of a fixed-term contract, there is a deeming provision which provides that if an employee were to be on the contract of less than twelve months such an employee shall be deemed to be on a permanent contract. This section reads:
“(ii) any fixed term contract that purports to be for a period of less than twelve months shall be deemed to be a contract for an indefinite period.”
This stance is not surprising. Following the 2015 amendments to the Act, National Employment Councils have been capping the maximum number of times a fixed-term contract can be renewed. The following are examples:
- Commercial Sectors: 6 contracts
- Funeral Industry: 3 years iii. Furniture Manufacturing Industry: 2 years iv. Plastics Manufacturing Industry: 10 years
From 2015, there has been a shift towards the protection of employees on fixedterm contracts.
The proposed amendments will do away with most of these provisions in contracts and collective bargaining agreements. Every contract that is of a fixed term nature and is of less than twelve months shall be deemed to be permanent. When this happens, it means for example, in certain industries where employers are not obliged to pay pension for their fixed-term contractors, they will be obliged to pay such. For all intents and purposes, an employee who is on a contract of less than twelve months shall be deemed to be on a permanent contract at the time this law is put into effect. This is one of the intense consequences that is going to flow from this provision. The provision does not allow a grace period to allow employers to restructure their establishments.
Termination at the expiry of the fixed-term contract
The law in its current form provides that an employee on a fixed-term contract gets nothing at the expiry of that contract. There is not even a need to give such an employee notice of the impending end to the employment relationship. Presumably, to offer some form of protection for workers and to ensure that they at least get terminal benefits at the expiry of the contract the following provision is being put in place in terms of the proposed amendments:
“iii. if the majority of employees engaged by the same employer are on fixed term contracts, and at any time when an employee’s employment is terminated on the expiry of his or her fixed term contract, then the provisions of sections 12C and 12D shall apply to such termination as if it was retrenchment”.[3]
The Bill provides that sections 12C and 12D shall apply when a fixed-term contract expires. The consequence is that a retrenchment package becomes payable to an employee. This retrenchment package can be a minimum or the negotiated retrenchment package, which is higher than the minimum, in terms of the proposed amendment.
This provision however does not apply to every employee. The provision applies if the majority of the employees of one employer are on fixed-term contracts. The Bill does not define what a majority entails, but one would postulate that this provision applies when more than 50% of the employees of one employer are on fixed-term contracts. The intention is clear, the legislature wants to do away with what others would term as casualisation of labour, a phenomenon where employees are perpetually on fixed-term contracts or where an employer deliberately puts employees on fixed-term contracts without any reasonable cause.
One thing that exercised our minds is that the provision is seemingly discriminatory. Employees who are employed in setups that do not have the majority of the employees on fixed-term contracts are not given the same benefit as those who belong to setups that have the majority on fixed-term contracts. Equally so, it punishes employers who employ more employees on fixed-term contracts even when the nature of business and the setup may not allow everyone to be on a permanent basis. This is not what the Constitution of the land intended when it provided that every person has the right to equality before the law. Every employee has the right to fair labour practices. We respectfully submit that this provision may not survive constitutional scrutiny.
Furthermore, it is not clear how section 12 D of the Act will apply when a fixedterm contract is terminated. This is a source of controversy as section 12D provides for special measures to avoid retrenchment which measures are usually complied with before termination. The legislature needs to closely look at this provision in this regard.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the bottom line is that every employee, save for those on casual work or task contract, will, in the event that the Bill become law, be in a longerterm contract of at least twelve months. Fixed-term contracts of less than twelve months will not exist when this law is passed. We are worried that the deeming provision does not allow employers to look into their systems and make the necessary changes before the provision comes into effect. By making everyone an employee on a permanent contract, employers may be prejudiced in situations where the work does not qualify as seasonal or task but at the same time, there is a need for flexibility in the management of contracts. We are also worried that the proposed Section 12 (4a) (c) (iii) is seemingly discriminatory as it affords more protection to employees who are employed by employers with many employees on fixed-term contracts compared to those employees employed by employers with fewer employees on fixed-term contracts.
away with other appeal structures that may be provided in a code of conduct. What we mean is that certain codes require one to appeal to the National Employment Council and others require one to approach the Labour Court directly. This will no longer be the case. Exclusive jurisdiction to hear appeals from completed disciplinary hearings now lies with the Labour Officers, whereupon anyone aggrieved by the decision of the Labour Officer will now appeal to the Labour Court.
The Bill further provides that when a Labour Officer is dealing with an appeal, he, or she “shall attempt to conciliate the dispute in terms of section 93 or exercise any other power provided for in that section”. We note that the said Section 93 is being amended through the current Bill. In terms of these amendments’ disputes will be conciliated upon failure of which they will proceed to arbitration. This is a welcome development as it seeks to cure the shortcomings that came with the 2015 amendments. The current system results in draft rulings that are of no force until confirmed by the Labour Court[4]. In our view, by reverting to the old system, the legislature will deal with the current clogging of the Labour Court system through confirmation proceedings.
Expiry of codes of conduct
The Bill provides that a code of conduct expires after five years. The relevant section provides:
“If after the lapse of the five years a registered employment code of conduct has not been reviewed within three months of the lapse of the five-year period, the employment code of conduct shall be deemed deregistered.”15
There will now be an obligation on the part of every employer or NEC to review a code of conduct and to reregister it. This is a new development in our labour law and will ensure that codes of conduct conform to the changing times.
As clearly stated in the provision above if a code of conduct is not reviewed within “three months of the lapse of the five-year period” is deemed to be deregistered. A deregistered code is void. This means an establishment will have to revert to the NEC code if one is available and if none exists the national code outlined in SI 15 of 2006 will have to be followed. We also note that the provision does not come with any retrospective application which also follows that the five years mentioned in the provision will be counted from the time the law comes into effect.
Conclusion
We summarise those important changes that are coming to the regulation of the code of conduct. The legislature has seized the moment and has started dealing with the concerns raised by the Supreme Court regarding appeals emanating from disciplinary proceedings. Labour Officers will now have the capacity to deal with appeals. This is a welcome development but those cases already being handled will not be protected by the new provision and will remain voidable at the instance of an aggrieved party. The compulsory review of codes of conduct also constitutes another important development in our view. Changing times require that this important instrument be reviewed to ensure that it is still complying with the intention of the drafters.
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Authors
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Cephas is a registered Legal Practitioner, Conveyancer and Notary Public. As a practising lawyer, Cephas has developed a special interest in Labour Law, Civil Litigation and Estate Administration Law. He runs a personal online blog: labourwatchzimbabwe.blogspot.com
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I am a career human resources professional soon to become a registered legal practitioner. As part of my social responsibility I raise public awareness on labour law issues in Zimbabwe.
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Well articulated